🇮🇱 Israel — January 2028
Israel is a parliamentary democracy with a strong technology and defence sector, set in a volatile region. Here is what its national chart, the running dasha and this month's sky say about each area of national life — and exactly why.
At a glance — January 2028
Mixed Mixed overall: strongest areas are Defence, Security & Conflict and Public Health & Welfare; most pressure falls on Climate, Agriculture & Natural Events and Society, Stability & Law and Order.
Area-by-area outlook
Open "Why the charts say this" under any area to see the exact chart facts behind its verdict.
🏛️ Government & Leadership
MixedGoverns the head of state, the ruling party and cabinet, and the nation's prestige · Houses 10th & 1st · Natural significators: Sun
The government can act, but not without friction — coalition strains, court or media pushback and uneven public support are likely. Progress comes through compromise rather than force.
Why the charts say this — score -0.7 (natal +0.4 · dasha +0.0 · transit -1.1)
- transit -0.8 — Ketu transits the 10th house while retrograde — Ketu brings pressure to the head of state, the ruling party and cabinet, and the nation's prestige.
- natal +0.5 — In Israel's foundation chart the 10th house (government and head of state) is ruled by Moon, which sits in its own sign (strong) in the 10th house; Saturn occupies the 10th house itself. This is the permanent base for this area — a supportive one.
- transit -0.3 — Mars (from the 4th house) aspects the 10th house — Mars brings pressure to the head of state, the ruling party and cabinet, and the nation's prestige.
💰 Economy & Public Finance
MixedGoverns the treasury, banking, the currency, national income and gains · Houses 2nd & 11th · Natural significators: Jupiter, Venus
Gains and strains sit side by side — good headline numbers can be offset by inflation, debt costs or uneven sectors. Selective rather than broad strength.
Why the charts say this — score -0.3 (natal +0.1 · dasha -0.2 · transit -0.2)
- natal +0.4 — In Israel's foundation chart the 2nd house (national wealth) is ruled by Mars, which sits in a neutral sign in the 11th house. This is the permanent base for this area — a supportive one.
- natal -0.3 — In Israel's foundation chart the 11th house (parliament, allies and national income) is ruled by Sun, which sits in a neutral sign in the 8th house; Mars occupies the 11th house itself. This is the permanent base for this area — a testing one.
- transit -0.2 — Mars (from the 4th house) aspects the 11th house — Mars brings pressure to the treasury, banking, the currency, national income and gains.
- dasha -0.2 — Antardasha lord Jupiter (until 26 Mar 2028) is a natural significator of this area. In this chart Jupiter is neutral in function and in its own sign (strong), so this antardasha strains the area. (Jupiter stands for prosperity, banking, the judiciary, religion and optimism.)
📈 Trade, Markets & Technology
MixedGoverns trade and commerce, the media, the technology sector and stock-market sentiment · Houses 3rd & 5th · Natural significators: Mercury, Rahu
Sentiment is changeable — rallies and sharp corrections can both occur, and trade or technology news cuts both ways. Volatility rather than a clear trend.
Why the charts say this — score -0.0 (natal +0.8 · dasha -1.0 · transit +0.2)
- natal +0.6 — In Israel's foundation chart the 3rd house (communication, media and neighbours) is ruled by Jupiter, which sits in its own sign (strong) in the 3rd house. This is the permanent base for this area — a supportive one.
- transit -0.5 — Saturn (from the 6th house) aspects the 3rd house — Saturn brings pressure to trade and commerce, the media, the technology sector and stock-market sentiment.
- transit +0.4 — Venus transits the 5th house (74% of the month) — Venus brings support to trade and commerce, the media, the technology sector and stock-market sentiment.
- dasha -0.4 — Antardasha lord Jupiter (until 26 Mar 2028) rules the 3rd house and sits in the 3rd house. In this chart Jupiter is neutral in function and in its own sign (strong), so this antardasha strains the area. (Jupiter stands for prosperity, banking, the judiciary, religion and optimism.)
- dasha -0.4 — Mahadasha lord Rahu (until 17 Feb 2041) is a natural significator of this area. In this chart Rahu is functionally difficult and in a neutral sign, so this mahadasha strains the area. (Rahu stands for foreign influence, sudden disruption, technology shocks and mass movements.)
- transit +0.2 — Sun transits the 3rd house (45% of the month) — Sun brings support to trade and commerce, the media, the technology sector and stock-market sentiment.
- dasha -0.2 — Pratyantardasha lord Rahu (until 24 Mar 2028) is a natural significator of this area. In this chart Rahu is functionally difficult and in a neutral sign, so this pratyantardasha strains the area. (Rahu stands for foreign influence, sudden disruption, technology shocks and mass movements.)
🛡️ Defence, Security & Conflict
FavourableGoverns the armed forces and police, border tensions, terrorism and internal security · Houses 6th & 8th · Natural significators: Mars
The security picture is calmer than usual: the forces are well-led and well-supplied, rivals are held in check and internal order is maintained with little drama.
Why the charts say this — score +1.8 (natal +0.8 · dasha -0.2 · transit +1.2)
- transit +1.0 — Jupiter (from the 12th house) aspects the 6th house; Jupiter (from the 12th house) aspects the 8th house while retrograde — Jupiter brings support to the armed forces and police, border tensions, terrorism and internal security.
- natal +0.6 — In Israel's foundation chart the 6th house (armed forces and public health) is ruled by Jupiter, which sits in its own sign (strong) in the 3rd house. This is the permanent base for this area — a supportive one.
- dasha -0.2 — Antardasha lord Jupiter (until 26 Mar 2028) rules the 6th house. In this chart Jupiter is neutral in function and in its own sign (strong), so this antardasha strains the area. (Jupiter stands for prosperity, banking, the judiciary, religion and optimism.)
- transit +0.2 — Saturn transits the 6th house; Saturn (from the 6th house) aspects the 8th house — Saturn brings support to the armed forces and police, border tensions, terrorism and internal security.
🤝 Foreign Relations & Alliances
ChallengingGoverns treaties, allies, trade partners and open rivals · Houses 7th & 3rd · Natural significators: Venus, Mercury
Strained relations are likely — broken talks, hostile rhetoric, sanctions or a rift with an ally. Misunderstandings escalate more easily than usual.
Why the charts say this — score -1.3 (natal +0.2 · dasha -0.9 · transit -0.6)
- dasha -0.4 — Mahadasha lord Rahu (until 17 Feb 2041) sits in the 7th house. In this chart Rahu is functionally difficult and in a neutral sign, so this mahadasha strains the area. (Rahu stands for foreign influence, sudden disruption, technology shocks and mass movements.)
- transit -0.3 — Mars (from the 4th house) aspects the 7th house — Mars brings pressure to treaties, allies, trade partners and open rivals.
- transit -0.3 — Saturn (from the 6th house) aspects the 3rd house — Saturn brings pressure to treaties, allies, trade partners and open rivals.
- dasha -0.3 — Antardasha lord Jupiter (until 26 Mar 2028) rules the 3rd house and sits in the 3rd house. In this chart Jupiter is neutral in function and in its own sign (strong), so this antardasha strains the area. (Jupiter stands for prosperity, banking, the judiciary, religion and optimism.)
- dasha -0.2 — Pratyantardasha lord Rahu (until 24 Mar 2028) sits in the 7th house. In this chart Rahu is functionally difficult and in a neutral sign, so this pratyantardasha strains the area. (Rahu stands for foreign influence, sudden disruption, technology shocks and mass movements.)
🏥 Public Health & Welfare
FavourableGoverns the health of the population, hospitals, disease outbreaks and welfare systems · Houses 6th & 1st · Natural significators: Moon, Saturn
Public health holds up well: outbreaks are contained, hospitals cope and welfare programmes reach people. Health-sector reforms and campaigns are better received.
Why the charts say this — score +1.4 (natal +0.5 · dasha -0.2 · transit +1.1)
- transit +0.6 — Jupiter (from the 12th house) aspects the 6th house while retrograde — Jupiter brings support to the health of the population, hospitals, disease outbreaks and welfare systems.
- natal +0.6 — In Israel's foundation chart the 6th house (armed forces and public health) is ruled by Jupiter, which sits in its own sign (strong) in the 3rd house. This is the permanent base for this area — a supportive one.
- transit +0.5 — Saturn transits the 6th house — Saturn brings support to the health of the population, hospitals, disease outbreaks and welfare systems.
- dasha -0.2 — Antardasha lord Jupiter (until 26 Mar 2028) rules the 6th house. In this chart Jupiter is neutral in function and in its own sign (strong), so this antardasha strains the area. (Jupiter stands for prosperity, banking, the judiciary, religion and optimism.)
👥 Society, Stability & Law and Order
Under strainGoverns the mood of the masses, protests, the opposition and domestic peace · Houses 4th & 1st · Natural significators: Moon
Unrest is more likely: large protests, strikes, communal or political tension and a vocal, energised opposition. Policing and public communication need care.
Why the charts say this — score -2.5 (natal +0.4 · dasha +0.0 · transit -0.9 · eclipse -2.0)
- eclipse -2.0 — A solar eclipse (26 Jan 2028) falls in Capricorn, the 4th house of this chart — eclipses on a governing house unsettle the area for weeks around the date.
- transit -1.0 — Mars transits the 4th house — Mars brings pressure to the mood of the masses, protests, the opposition and domestic peace.
- transit -1.0 — Rahu transits the 4th house while retrograde — Rahu brings pressure to the mood of the masses, protests, the opposition and domestic peace.
- transit +0.6 — Jupiter (from the 12th house) aspects the 4th house while retrograde — Jupiter brings support to the mood of the masses, protests, the opposition and domestic peace.
- transit +0.5 — Mercury transits the 4th house (94% of the month) — Mercury brings support to the mood of the masses, protests, the opposition and domestic peace.
- natal +0.4 — In Israel's foundation chart the 4th house (land, masses and domestic peace) is ruled by Saturn, which sits in a neutral sign in the 10th house. This is the permanent base for this area — a supportive one.
- transit +0.3 — Venus transits the 4th house (26% of the month) — Venus brings support to the mood of the masses, protests, the opposition and domestic peace.
⚖️ Justice, Religion & Education
ChallengingGoverns the courts, religious institutions, universities and national morale · Houses 9th & 5th · Natural significators: Jupiter
Controversy around the courts, religious institutions or the education system is likely: disputed rulings, scandals or clashes between institutions.
Why the charts say this — score -1.0 (natal +0.2 · dasha -0.2 · transit +0.4 · eclipse -1.5)
- eclipse -1.5 — A lunar eclipse (12 Jan 2028) falls in Gemini, the 9th house of this chart — eclipses on a governing house unsettle the area for weeks around the date.
- transit +0.4 — Venus transits the 5th house (74% of the month) — Venus brings support to the courts, religious institutions, universities and national morale.
- dasha -0.2 — Antardasha lord Jupiter (until 26 Mar 2028) is a natural significator of this area. In this chart Jupiter is neutral in function and in its own sign (strong), so this antardasha strains the area. (Jupiter stands for prosperity, banking, the judiciary, religion and optimism.)
🌦️ Climate, Agriculture & Natural Events
Under strainGoverns weather, harvests, water, earthquakes, floods and other natural events · Houses 4th & 8th · Natural significators: Moon, Mars, Rahu, Ketu
Higher risk of severe weather, floods, drought stress, earthquakes or industrial and transport accidents. Disaster preparedness deserves attention.
Why the charts say this — score -2.7 (natal +0.6 · dasha -0.6 · transit -0.8 · eclipse -2.0)
- eclipse -2.0 — A solar eclipse (26 Jan 2028) falls in Capricorn, the 4th house of this chart — eclipses on a governing house unsettle the area for weeks around the date.
- transit +1.0 — Jupiter (from the 12th house) aspects the 4th house; Jupiter (from the 12th house) aspects the 8th house while retrograde — Jupiter brings support to weather, harvests, water, earthquakes, floods and other natural events.
- transit -1.0 — Mars transits the 4th house — Mars brings pressure to weather, harvests, water, earthquakes, floods and other natural events.
- transit -1.0 — Rahu transits the 4th house while retrograde — Rahu brings pressure to weather, harvests, water, earthquakes, floods and other natural events.
- transit +0.5 — Mercury transits the 4th house (94% of the month) — Mercury brings support to weather, harvests, water, earthquakes, floods and other natural events.
- natal +0.4 — In Israel's foundation chart the 4th house (land, masses and domestic peace) is ruled by Saturn, which sits in a neutral sign in the 10th house. This is the permanent base for this area — a supportive one.
- dasha -0.4 — Mahadasha lord Rahu (until 17 Feb 2041) is a natural significator of this area. In this chart Rahu is functionally difficult and in a neutral sign, so this mahadasha strains the area. (Rahu stands for foreign influence, sudden disruption, technology shocks and mass movements.)
Sky events this month and what they touch
| Date | Event | What it touches in Israel |
|---|---|---|
| 2 Jan 2028 | Mercury enters Capricorn | It moves into Israel's 4th house (land, masses and domestic peace) — a supportive influence on territory, agriculture, housing, the common people, opposition and the weather. |
| 8 Jan 2028 | Venus enters Aquarius | It moves into Israel's 5th house (creativity, youth and markets) — a supportive influence on education, birth rate, entertainment, sport, speculation and stock markets. |
| 12 Jan 2028 | Full Moon in Gemini | In the 9th house (law, religion and higher learning): a peak or culmination — and sometimes open tension — around the judiciary, religion, universities and long-distance diplomacy. |
| 12 Jan 2028 | Lunar eclipse (partial) in Gemini details → | In the 9th house (law, religion and higher learning): eclipses are the strongest disturbers of a month; expect unsettling news or turning points around the judiciary, religion, universities and long-distance diplomacy, building for weeks either side of the date. |
| 12 Jan 2028 | Jupiter turns retrograde | In the 12th house (losses and hidden enemies): matters of foreign expenditure, espionage, prisons, hospitals and drains on the treasury slow down, get reviewed or return for a second look. |
| 14 Jan 2028 | Sun enters Capricorn | It moves into Israel's 4th house (land, masses and domestic peace) — added pressure or sharper events around territory, agriculture, housing, the common people, opposition and the weather. |
| 24 Jan 2028 | Mercury turns retrograde | In the 4th house (land, masses and domestic peace): matters of territory, agriculture, housing, the common people, opposition and the weather slow down, get reviewed or return for a second look. |
| 26 Jan 2028 | Solar eclipse (annular) in Capricorn details → | In the 4th house (land, masses and domestic peace): eclipses are the strongest disturbers of a month; expect unsettling news or turning points around territory, agriculture, housing, the common people, opposition and the weather, building for weeks either side of the date. |
| 26 Jan 2028 | New Moon in Capricorn | In the 4th house (land, masses and domestic peace): a fresh start or new focus around territory, agriculture, housing, the common people, opposition and the weather. |
All upcoming eclipses and major transits, with their effect on every country →
The nation's running dasha
Vimshottari dasha counted from the national Moon (Cancer, Pushya). The Mahadasha sets the long theme, the Antardasha the current chapter, the Pratyantardasha the month-to-month tone.
Mahadasha — Rahu (17 Feb 2023 → 17 Feb 2041). Rahu stands for foreign influence, sudden disruption, technology shocks and mass movements. In Israel's chart it owns no house (a shadow planet that acts through its sign lord and conjunctions), sits in Aries (the 7th house) in a neutral sign, and is functionally difficult for this chart. While this period runs, Rahu's themes — foreign influence, sudden disruption, technology shocks and mass movements — are the ones that the sky's triggers switch on.
Antardasha — Jupiter (30 Oct 2025 → 26 Mar 2028). Jupiter stands for prosperity, banking, the judiciary, religion and optimism. In Israel's chart it rules the 3rd and 6th houses (communication, media and neighbours; armed forces and public health), sits in Sagittarius (the 3rd house) in its own sign (strong), and is neutral in function for this chart. While this period runs, Jupiter's themes — prosperity, banking, the judiciary, religion and optimism — are the ones that the sky's triggers switch on.
Pratyantardasha — Rahu (14 Nov 2027 → 24 Mar 2028). Rahu stands for foreign influence, sudden disruption, technology shocks and mass movements. In Israel's chart it owns no house (a shadow planet that acts through its sign lord and conjunctions), sits in Aries (the 7th house) in a neutral sign, and is functionally difficult for this chart. While this period runs, Rahu's themes — foreign influence, sudden disruption, technology shocks and mass movements — are the ones that the sky's triggers switch on.
Pratyantardasha periods inside this month: Rahu (14 Nov 2027 → 24 Mar 2028).
Where the slow planets stand
♄ Saturn — Saturn is in Pisces, the 6th house (armed forces and public health) of Israel's chart. Saturn disciplines, delays and tests whatever a house governs — here that means military and police, disease, hospitals, labour disputes and national debt. A dusthana placement: pressure is sharper but also forces long-needed reform.
♃ Jupiter — Jupiter is in Virgo (retrograde), the 12th house (losses and hidden enemies). Jupiter expands and protects what it touches — foreign expenditure, espionage, prisons, hospitals and drains on the treasury — and its glance falls on the 4th, 6th, 8th houses as well.
☊ Rahu / ☋ Ketu — Rahu is in the 4th house (land, masses and domestic peace) and Ketu in the 10th house (government and head of state). The nodal axis brings foreign influence, shocks or obsession to territory, agriculture, housing, the common people, opposition and the weather, and detachment, loss or sudden endings to the ruling executive, national reputation and standing in the world.
Sade Sati of the nation — not running (the national Moon is in Cancer; Saturn is in Pisces).
12-month outlook
| Area | Jan 28 | Feb 28 | Mar 28 | Apr 28 | May 28 | Jun 28 | Jul 28 | Aug 28 | Sep 28 | Oct 28 | Nov 28 | Dec 28 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Government & Leadership | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ▼ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Economy & Public Finance | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Trade, Markets & Technology | ● | ▼ | ● | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ▲ |
| Defence, Security & Conflict | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ |
| Foreign Relations & Alliances | ▼ | ▼ | ● | ▼ | ▼ | ● | ▼ | ▼ | ▼ | ▼ | ▼ | ▼ |
| Public Health & Welfare | ▲ | ▲ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ▲ | ● | ● | ▲ | ● |
| Society, Stability & Law and Order | ▼▼ | ● | ▼ | ▼ | ▼ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Justice, Religion & Education | ▼ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ▼ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ▼ |
| Climate, Agriculture & Natural Events | ▼▼ | ● | ▼ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ▲ | ▲ | ● |
▲▲ strongly favourable · ▲ favourable · ● mixed · ▼ challenging · ▼▼ under strain. Click a month to open its full analysis.
The foundation chart — Declaration of Independence
🇮🇱 Israel is a parliamentary democracy with a strong technology and defence sector, set in a volatile region. Its foundation chart is cast for the Declaration of Independence — 1948-05-14, 16:00 local time, Tel Aviv — and rises in Libra, so Venus, lord of the Lagna, is the nation's ruler: it sits in Gemini (the 9th house) in a neutral sign. The 10th-house (government) lord Moon sits in the 10th house in its own sign (strong). The Moon — the people — is in Cancer in Pushya nakshatra.
Planets at their strongest: Moon (own sign), Jupiter (own sign). These natal conditions are the permanent "base score" used in every monthly verdict.
KP (Placidus) chart for Tel Aviv at the founding moment, Lahiri ayanamsa — the same layout as the KP tab. The right-hand chart overlays the planets of January 15, 2028 (the 15th of the month) as "G·" (Gochar).
| Planet | Sign | Sign° | Abs° | House | Nakshatra | Inds |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| As | Libra (Li) | 0°20′ | 180°20′ | H1 | Chitra P3 | |
| Su | Taurus (Ta) | 0°31′ | 30°31′ | H8 | Krittika P2 | |
| Mo | Cancer (Ca) | 11°13′ | 101°13′ | H10 | Pushya P3 | ☽ |
| Ma | Leo (Le) | 5°10′ | 125°10′ | H11 | Magha P2 | |
| Me | Taurus (Ta) | 17°13′ | 47°13′ | H8 | Rohini P3 | |
| Ju | Sagittarius (Sg) | 4°30′ | 244°30′ | H3 | Mula P2 | ℞ |
| Ve | Gemini (Ge) | 11°39′ | 71°39′ | H9 | Ardra P2 | |
| Sa | Cancer (Ca) | 23°17′ | 113°17′ | H10 | Ashlesha P2 | |
| Ra | Aries (Ar) | 20°33′ | 20°33′ | H7 | Bharani P3 | ℞ |
| Ke | Libra (Li) | 20°33′ | 200°33′ | H1 | Vishakha P1 | ℞ |
| House | Sign | Sign° | Nakshatra | NL | Planets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H1 | Libra (Li) | 0°20′ | Chitra P3 | Ma | Ke |
| H2 | Libra (Li) | 28°51′ | Vishakha P3 | Ju | — |
| H3 | Scorpio (Sc) | 29°47′ | Jyeshtha P4 | Me | Ju |
| H4 | Capricorn (Cp) | 2°19′ | Uttara Ashadha P2 | Su | — |
| H5 | Aquarius (Aq) | 4°41′ | Dhanishtha P4 | Ma | — |
| H6 | Pisces (Pi) | 4°29′ | Uttara Bhadrapada P1 | Sa | — |
| H7 | Aries (Ar) | 0°20′ | Ashwini P1 | Ke | Ra |
| H8 | Aries (Ar) | 28°51′ | Krittika P1 | Su | Su, Me |
| H9 | Taurus (Ta) | 29°47′ | Mrigashira P2 | Ma | Ve |
| H10 | Cancer (Ca) | 2°19′ | Punarvasu P4 | Ju | Mo, Sa |
| H11 | Leo (Le) | 4°41′ | Magha P2 | Ke | Ma |
| H12 | Virgo (Vi) | 4°29′ | Uttara Phalguni P3 | Su | — |
Key house domains
Lunation and eclipse charts this month
Each chart is cast for Tel Aviv at the exact moment of the event — so you can see which house of the local chart it lights up.
How these verdicts are built
- Foundation chart. A country's chart is cast for its founding moment (sidereal zodiac, Lahiri ayanamsa, whole-sign houses counted from the rising sign). The 1st house is the nation, the 10th its government, the 2nd its wealth, the 7th its foreign relations, and so on.
- Areas and houses. Each area has governing houses and natural planets: for example Defence uses the 6th and 8th houses and Mars; the Economy uses the 2nd and 11th houses with Jupiter and Venus.
- Natal base. The lord of each governing house is checked for dignity (exalted, own sign, debilitated) and placement (kendra/trikona versus 6th/8th/12th), and benefic or malefic planets sitting in the house itself are counted.
- Dasha. The Mahadasha, Antardasha and Pratyantardasha lords are scored by whether they rule, occupy or naturally signify the area, multiplied by how functionally benefic or difficult they are in this particular chart and how strong they are.
- Transits. Every slow planet is placed by house from the national Lagna for each day of the month. Jupiter and Venus support the houses they pass through; Saturn, Mars and the nodes pressure them (except in the 3rd, 6th and 11th, where malefics help); Jupiter's, Saturn's and Mars's aspects are added, all weighted by how many days they spend there.
- Eclipses. A solar or lunar eclipse on a governing house is a strong negative for that area in the surrounding weeks.
- Label. The four totals add up to a score from −5 to +5, shown as Strongly favourable, Favourable, Mixed, Challenging or Under strain. The "Overall" figure is a weighted average of the nine areas.
Other countries
Frequently Asked Questions
For each area of national life (government, economy, defence …) the page adds four things: the natal base, the running dasha, the month's transits and any eclipse on its governing houses. The total becomes the label, and the reasons behind it are listed under each area.
Israel uses its Declaration of Independence chart (1948-05-14, 16:00, Tel Aviv). Mundane charts are debated — different astrologers prefer different moments, and some founding times are approximate — so treat the analysis as one consistent lens, not a prediction.
No. It describes which areas the sky is supporting or pressuring in a given month, using classical rules. Real events depend on people, policy and chance; read it as a weather report for tendencies, not a guarantee.
Astrology is a traditional symbolic system, not a scientific forecast. Nothing here is financial, political, medical or security advice.